Reading this thread ... refers to this work Reversible Electronic Logic Using Switches https://twitter.com/MikePFrank/status/1532056539334602753?s=20&t=UvSr9jB2GgvxM6rxX6biRw In CMOS "Information is Physical" electrons ... http://www.zyvex.com/nanotech/electro.pdf To gain some perspective on this consider that an “AND” gate which has a power supply of one volt and which allows 100 electrons to go from that one volt supply to ground during the course of a switching operation will dissipate 100 electron volts.