Hello, I have a dumb question about DFT design. For the 2 main approaches (observability and controllability) can we integrate both in a design or will only one suffice? Also, is the DFT “module”, I guess its called, a separate block to the other blocks in an ASIC perhaps (Memory, Processors, Peripherals, etc)? Or could it be sneakily injected to an RTL code without affecting functionality?

DFT comes after synthesis. In industry standard flow all the DFT related circuits are added to the netlist. The tools generate the circuits and add to the netlist. However, if one wants to deviate from industry standard methodology then those DFT circuits have to be coded by hand and should be added to the RTL